Same Sex Marriage Should Be Illegal - 1135 Words

Must the Government Recognize Every Desire People Have as a Right? Mohamed Salih Howard University Must the Government Recognize Every Desire People Have as a Right? Homosexual couples believe that their relationships are as equivalent as heterosexual couples, so they should be recognized and granted marriage licenses. I see gay marriage as a plague that only brings unpleasant consequences to society. Same sex marriage should be illegal because it alters the definition and the purpose of marriage, has negative effects on children, and is incompatible with sacred texts. According to Genesis chapter 1, the definition of marriage is the intimate union and equal partnership of a man and a woman. â€Å"God created man in His image; in the Divine image he created him; male and female he created them. God blessed them, saying: ‘Be fertile and multiply; fill the earth and subdue it.’† (Gen. 1:27-28) Same-sex marriage activists want to define marriage simply as a private relationship between two loving, committed parties; they want the same level of recognition that het erosexuals obtain. The main purpose of marriage is procreation, which is impossible to maintain with same sex couples. That’s why marriage shouldn’t be extended to include homosexuals. Dana Mack wrote on the Wall Street Journal, â€Å"Allowing gay marriage would only further shift the purpose of marriage from producing and raising children to adult gratification.† (Mack, 2010) People who support same sexShow MoreRelatedShould Gay Marriage Be Legal?778 Words   |  3 PagesShould Gay Marriage Be Legal? â€Å"†¦I now pronounce you husband and wife†¦Ã¢â‚¬  One would normally hear this when attending a wedding. In tradition marriage has been between one male and one female who love each other. But how would one feel if they heard â€Å"I now pronounce you groom and groom† or how about â€Å"†¦bride and bride...†? In the last 50 years the number of same-sex couples has increased. The on-going argument between the government and the people is â€Å"Should gay marriage be legal?† Although some sayRead MoreSame-Sex Marriage Argument894 Words   |  4 PagesSame-Sex Marriage Argument Sarah Springstube PHI103 Informal Logic Instructor DeFusco August 4, 2014 Same-sex marriage has been an issue among society for many years. Not all people understand there is no ban on same sex-marriage nor is it illegal. In all fifty states there are couples of the same sex who live together, ones who choose their professional job to be in a workplace where joint benefits are offered, and ones who choose a religious community which accepts their relationship. ThoseRead MoreTaking a Look at Same-Sex Marriage938 Words   |  4 PagesSame-sex marriage is against the law and against the moral standards of the religious society. In this paper I will sympathize with the homosexual community in order to improve their views on marriage. First amendment of the Constitution protects and makes homosexuality legal. Marriage is also legal. Marriage laws and the rights that fall under marriage are defined and upheld by the states. Should same-sex marriage remain illegal? Homosexuals believe rights guaranteed to married heterosexual couplesRead MoreEssay on Democrats and Republicans View Points1090 Words   |  5 Pagesbeyond any other thing. Whereas a Democrat seems to be more open minded and they stand for government supported programs. The purpose of the paper is to analyze, compare and contrast the two parties positions on the issues of same sex marriage, race based affirmative action and illegal immigration. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia â€Å"Affirmative action means constructive periods reserved to rise the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and business fromRead MoreSame-Sex Marriage Issues Controversies Essay example1180 Words   |  5 Pagesnamed gay marriage â€Å"one of the key struggles of our time†. According to the website â€Å"ProCon.org† as of January 6th 2014, 17 states have taken the plunge and legalized same-sex marriage. Marriage is â€Å"one of the basic civil rights of man†. Yet, we are still waiting on 66% of our nation to do the right thing and legalize gay marriage. The ban on gay marriage has deprived gay, lesbian, and bisexuals of many benefits that come with being married. Also, it has been proved that banning gay marriage createdRead MoreEssay on Recognizing Same-Sex Marriage1565 Words   |  7 PagesRecognizing Same-Sex Marriage Same-sex marriage is a huge controversy between Americans across the Country. In thirty-three states marriage is defined as a â€Å"union between a man and a woman†. For seventeen states in the U.S. this definition has been changed because every citizen should be treated equally according to the constitution and this also violates the Equal Protection Clause. It became possible for people of the same-sex to marry when it was stated to be unconstitutional. Denying marriage is denyingRead MoreShould God Have Allowed For Marry Men?1223 Words   |  5 Pagesto marry men? With this in mind, think about how wrong it really is. Even though many people believe that gay marriage is totally normal, Same-Sex Marriage should be illegal because God would not have allowed it in his kingdom and Marriage is between a man and a woman. Many people believe that God made homosexuals to be homosexual but he did not. The promoters of same-sex â€Å"marriage† propose something entirely different. They propose the union between two men or two women. This denies the self-evidentRead MoreThe Issue Of Immigration And Gay Rights1034 Words   |  5 Pagesrights. Today, many immigration and gay rights issues have arisen in numerous cases and have had controversial sides and opinions The issue of immigration has been a controversial topic between the Democratic and Republican parties. The idea of illegal immigrants having the choice to become a legal resident is a major distinction between the two parties. In general, Democrats are seen to favor immigration to the United States. The Democratic party believes that there needs to be an immigrationRead MoreThe Debated Issue of Same-Sex Marriage750 Words   |  3 PagesSame sex marriage has been an issue of debate among many countries because it concerns an issue of basic human and moral rights. According to the United States, a traditional marriage is the union of opposite sexes, a heterosexual union. One man and one woman unite to bind their marriage. This has been the tradition for many years until the issue of same sex marriage arose around the 1970s. The Defense of Marriage Act was passed in 1996 and gave the states the decision on whether or not they authorizedRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Become Unpopular?1406 Words   |  6 Pagesmorality to the relativistic whims of society, stating that homosexuals should not marry is becoming unpopular. Should a woman be allowed to marry another woman? Should a man be allowed to marry anoth er man? Should they be given legal protection and special rights to practice their homosexuality? No, they should not. The Bible, of course, condemns homosexuality. It takes no leap of logic to discern that homosexual marriage is also condemned. But our society does not rely on the Bible for its moral

Multicultural Lit And Film An Indian Father s Plea,...

Nichole wilburn Mrs. Love Hilliard Multicultural Lit Film 30 January 2017 Why Should Love Be Shown To Others, Who Really Cares? Love and respect go hand and hand. Respect is earned but love is given, that is the only difference between them. Love should be felt all around the world and happiness will come with it also. But sometimes love isn t in people s hearts, that s when wars are created and people die. A Lot of stories written throughout history have been about love, dedication to culture, and a race separated from respect and judged harshly. In the essays An Indian Father s Plea, Gate A-4, and Just Walk On By:Black Men In Public Space, each tells of at least one and should be looked at with open eyes and minds. â€Å"police†¦show more content†¦He is 5 years old, in kindergarten, and I can t understand why you have already labeled him a slow learner’(An Indian Father’s Plea). Just because his son is seen as a slow learner at an American school, doesn t mean he is seen the same way in his own community. Native Americans where t he first people living in the Americas but were murdered and had their land and culture stolen away from them. Native Americans were seen and savages and uncivilized, but they respected nature and all living things. They only took what they needed from the land and grew their own crops for their villages. Just because they didn t wear shoes and hunted with bows and arrows doesn t mean that they were any less smart or lacking manners. All people are equal and unique and their own ways. Being in an unknown country and not being able to communicate with people could be a very scary situation. Most people that travel on airplanes to different countries speak other languages and have different customs. It s very heartwarming for people to stop everything that they are doing to go and help someone in need of assistance. â€Å"An older woman in full traditional Palestinian embroidered dress, just like my grandma wore, was crumpled to the floor, wailing. â€Å"Help,† said the flight agent. â€Å"Talk to her. What is her problem? We told her the flight was going to be late and she did this†(Gate A-4). She helped a woman understand what the airline workers were saying

Visiting Museums free essay sample

Some people find visiting museums boring as a form of entertainment, while others believe that the role of museums is to educate people, not entertain. Discuss, what is your opinion? In our world today, there is a wide variety of museums where people can travel to and see differently interesting things. Some people state that visiting museums is only a form of recreation; others disagree, arguing that museums play a role in education. In fact, each of these arguments has its own validity. Firstly, museums such as art and music can offer people with a wide range of entertainment activities. For example, they often organise traditional music events performed by local or other famous artists that people can attend to and enjoy to some extent. Another point is that many visitors nowadays may choose to come to museums Just for pleasure or as one of the activities that they take part in their holiday trips. We will write a custom essay sample on Visiting Museums or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This, therefore, makes museums a place to entertain in people leisure time. On the other hand, the establishment of a particular museum like history, science, or oceanography is usually attached to educational purposes. As can be seen, school and university students and teachers are always the guests of museums because the laces are where they can discover and obtain a large amount of information related to their studies and teaching. In addition, there are a number of seminars and conferences held at museums that are informative and necessary for scholars and experts in their fields of research. In this way, museums prove the supporting role in human education. In conclusion, visiting museums is clearly seen as both means of entertainment and education. However, from my viewpoint, people should perceive the value of museums in enhancing their own knowledge about the world they live in.

Development of Irish Nationalism free essay sample

To unite Irish Catholics into a unified political movement and secure   Catholic emancipation. Catholic rent to foster a sense of involvement and loyalty and to   raise funds for the movement. Mobilised support through the Catholic Church, who gave their support   to the movement. ‘awakened the political consciousness of the Irish masses’ . Wrenched Catholic Emancipation from a hostile government and king. Associated nationalism with Catholicism – limited possible support   right from the  start. 840 The  Repeal  Association To secure a repeal of the Union. However, O’Connell was committed to  the British connection and was not fighting for independence. Repeal Rent Catholic Church Monster Meetings The Irish people were not really interested in repeal of the Union,  especially after 1845 when the Famine swept through Ireland – a  starving and tired people could hardly have much interest in a  political movement that had so littl e chance of success 1848 Young Ireland They looked back to  Wolfe  Tone and their ultimate aim was independence  for Ireland. However, under the influence of Finton Laylor who argued  that †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  and they also committed to land reform. Violent Rebellion (1848) The rebellion was a complete failure, but the Young Ireland movement   left an important legacy. 1867 Fenians established An independent Ireland Violence – ultimately, a mass rebellion like that of Wolfe Tone. The Fenians were always a minority in the national movement, and their  actions tended to arouse hostility rather than admiration in Ireland. However, their atrocities in the 60’s motivated men like Gladstone  into a program of reform for Ireland. This was perhaps their most  surprising and unintended legacy. However, the Fenian movement stayed alive throughout the period, and  was ready to play an important role in the revival of republicanism  after 1914, and played an important role in the 1916 Rising. 1870 Butt founds the Home Rule Party Self-government – he was committed to the British connection. Parliamentary pressure Butt was a complete failure. He did not command a sense of loyalty  either from the Irish population or his party. His leadership and  authority was poor, and many members of his party were not committed  Home Rulers. He had a great deal of respect for the House of Commons,  but no one paid him any attention in parliament, and many laughed at  him. 1879 New Departure – the causes of land reform and HR were united in one  national movement   To settle all areas of Irish grievance, but ultimately: Land reform Home rule A combination of constitutional and extra-parliamentary methods:   Land war Pressure in Parliament Second Land Act ineffective Made Home Rule a realistic possibility 1880 Parnell takes over the leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party A more effective party, with a more authoritarian leadership and more  discipline. Home Rule. Parnell centralised authority, and in 1882, all members had to sign an  oath of allegiance to the party. The party was united under Parnell’s leadership and it became a far  more formidable parliamentary force. The greatest Irish movements  were united under his leadership. 1881 Second Land Act To destroy the ‘raison d’etre’ of the LL. Less an economic policy  than a political stroke. Granted the 3 F’s and thus all of the demands of the LL. It did not solve the real problems in Irish agriculture Put Parnell in a dilemma In the long term, rents were reduced through the land courts 1881 Parnell is imprisoned To ensure that he did not wreck the land act by opposing it. He became a martyr, and his popularity grew. Violence increased. 1882 Kilmainham Treaty Parnell replaces the Land League with the National  League   To stop increase and spread of violence. The National League was to  replace the LL and become the electoral arm of the IPP, promoting HR. Violence did decrease, and support for Home Rule grew very rapidly –  the NL was a very effective body. 1885 General Election – Parnell commits to the Conservatives Home Rule – he thought the C’ves were more likely to grant it. He supported the C’ve party, and instructed Irish voters in England to  vote C’ve   The C’ves swept to power, and were guaranteed the support of the Irish  in parliament. 1885 Gladstone announced as in favour of Home Rule. CSP switched sides. The Cons were defeated and the Liberals came back   to power. 1886 First Home Rule Bill It failed in the H of C’s. Several prominent Liberal unionists left  the party. The Liberals were out, and the Irish faced 20 years of  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœresolute government’. 1890 Divorce Scandal IPP split The IPP split, and never fully recovered. There was no effective  fighting force for the next 10 years at least. 1894 Second Home Rule Bill It failed in the House of Lords. The Irish became disillusioned, and  support for the Irish party, which was heavily divided, fled. 1900 IPP reform under the moderate John Redmond There was now a united Irish party to fight for Irish causes. 1907 Sinn Fein is founded  an independent Irish republic. SF did not begin as a violent organisation – it championed ‘passive   resistance’ and used abstention from parliament to show their  opposition to the British connection. Sinn Fein would soak up disillusioned home rulers, and change the  Irish question from one of Home Rule to one of Independence. 1910 Constitutional crisis Redmond used it to get Asquith to promise a HR bill in the next  Parliament. It worked. 1912 Third Home Rule Bill The Lords could not block it forever, and it was clear that Home Rule  would eventually happen, but not for two years. 1913 Irish Volunteers formed. To keep up with Unionist developments – to insure the Irish were not  left behind and could exert as mush pressure on the government as  Ulster. To fight for HR were It necessary. The Irish situation deteriorated further. Tensions were raised. 1914 Home Rule can come into operation, but it was clear that the 1912 Bill  was not feasible. 1914 The First World War Irish question shelved The government was impressed by the nationalists’ show of support and  put HR on the statute books. However, as the war dragged on, support  for it waned, but more importantly, nationalists grew impatient and ‘the  revolutionaries were soon to advance to the centre of the stage’. IV’s split, amp; a small group of revolutionaries formed their own group   the ‘Irish Volunteers’. Redmond’s group became the ‘Nationalist  Volunteers’   Eon Mac Neill’s group wanted to gain power in Ireland with the support  of the Irish people and proclaim an independent Irish Republic through  an armed insurrection like Tone’s. They too, hoped to use Eng’s  enemies against them, and got support and arms from the Germans. IRB men heavily influenced the party but this was not known  either within the party or outside it. Although Mac Neill was a revolutionary, he was against a premature  uprising. However, he was not aware that IRB men had penetrated the  leadership of the party and held many senior positions, men like  Pearse, who argued that it was an honour to die for one’s country. 1916 Easter Rising To proclaim and independent Irish Republic and  win  the support of the  Irish people. The republic was proclaimed, but the rising was a disaster. Only a few  of the Irish Volunteers actually showed up, and they were far  outnumbered by troops and police. The population were indifferent or  openly hostile, and by the time the fighting had finished, Dublin was  in ruins. People were angry and believed the volunteers should be  punished. 1916 The British government set out to destroy revolutionary nationalism  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœroot and branch’   There were wholesale arrests and deportations. Around 3000 Irish men  and women were arrested, 1,500 were quickly released, 160 were jailed  and the rest interned in England and Wales. 5 were executed in early  May. The barbarity with which prisoners and civilians were treated  incited anger and resentment against the British in all classes in S. Ireland. Those who went into prison mild nationalists often came out  hardened revolutionaries. John Dillon complained that it seemed as if  the government was bent on trying to ‘breed Sinn Feiners’ (SF had now   become a militant organisation). 1917 Martial Law was declared in Ireland. To destroy ‘revolutionism’. Anti-British sentiment grew, and so did support for Sinn Fein. Irishmen who were treated as terrorists became terrorists. 1918 Conscription crisis There was a brief period of compromise between the nationalists and  Sinn Fein when furious nationalists retired from Westminster to go  home and lead Irishmen in the fight against conscription should it  come. Irishmen were furious and support for SF grew rapidly. 1918 Negotiations begin again. LG got both sides to agree to partition. However, key Unionists in  the coalition government refused to countenance an immediate grant of  HR and the talks collapsed. Redmond had fatally undermined his  position in the party and in Ireland by his support for partition and  Irishmen switched to SF in their droves. FSL Lyons said ‘the whole  constitutional movement, in the last analysis was the chief casualty  of 1916’. 1917 De Valera becomes leader of SF and later of the IV. ‘thus combining in his person the leadership of both the political and  military wings of the Irish revolutionary movement’. The historian  Roy Foster says that by 1918, SF ‘had succeeded to the position  enjoyed by Parnell’s IPP in the later 1880’s’. 1918 General Election – Sinn Fein sweep the board The Election was fought on the basis of the Easter Monday declaration  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ an independent Irish republic and the destruction of British power  in Ireland – SF now had a mandate from the Irish people to fight for  it – they wanted Britain out once and for all. 1918 Sinn Fein sets up the Dail This was a provisional government in Ireland, and it set up its own  courts and even collected taxes. Its acceptance by the Irish people  showed that Ireland had no loyalty to Britain and that Britain  therefore had no legitimacy in ruling Ireland. The Dail was backed up  by the IRA under Michael Collins. 919 IRA begin a campaign of murder and harassment against British police  and soldiers. To destroy British power in Ireland and get them to withdraw. Irishmen were shocked by the activities of the IRA, and support for SF  briefly waned. However, the disillusionment was only brief as the  British soon intervened, and reversed the trend. LG responded with  t he ‘time honoured expedient of coercion’. 1919/20 LG begins his campaign against the IRA To stop the IRA’s campaign of terror, enforce the Government of  Ireland Act and destroy revolutionary nationalism. Coercion. The provisional gov was declared illegal, SF and the IRA  were proclaimed, and there was an attempt to suppress revolutionary  publications. Extra police were brought in to enforce the GIA the  Ã¢â‚¬ËœBlack and Tans’ and the Auxilaries/Auxies, whose name soon became a  synonym for terror. It was a complete and utter failure. The fight descended into a  bitter struggle of terror and counter-terror, and the IRA extended its  targets to civilians they regarded as traitors to the cause. Politicians on both sides had lost control of their forces.

Impact of Trade Liberalization

Introduction Trade liberalization is the opening of domestic market to the international world. It is the establishment of free market across the globe where by all players across the world are accorded the freedom to carry out business transaction in any country.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Impact of Trade Liberalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The trade liberalization is opposed to the concept where countries protect their domestic industries from international competition. The establishment of trade liberalization implies the abolition of regulations that can in one way or another limit any form international trade that is viewed to be legal under international law. This paper seeks to explore the subject of trade liberalization. The paper will discuss impacts of trade liberalization with respect to poverty, agriculture and government subsidies. The paper will with specification discuss t he relationship between trade liberalization and poverty in Argentina, the impacts of trade liberalization on agricultural activities of in Salvador and Costa Rica as examples of low income nations and finally, government support for industries under organization for economic co-operation and development. Poverty effects from trade liberalization in Argentina The poor economic performance witnessed in Argentina in the late decades of the nineteenth century led to the idea of liberalizing the economy in an attempt to rescue the country’s economy. Argentina was under threat of adverse economic instability that was characterized by international debts, inflation as well as deficits in balance of payments among others. One of the effects of the Argentine economic liberalization was the increased rate of unemployment that was witnessed in 1990s. The opening of the country to unrestricted international trade led to influx of importation of goods. The imported goods were relatively cheaper that the locally manufactured goods. This undermined the operations of the domestic factories costing locals their jobs as the domestic production was realized to be more expensive. The reliance of imported commodities further undermined job creation thereby increasing cases of unemployment. The end result became evident as increased poverty level. The technique used by Barraud and Calfat to analyze this effect of trade liberalization in Argentina involves two steps. The first step is the establishment of the changes that occurred in commodities as well as their prices following the market liberalization. The second step is the determination of the effects of liberalization on households following the analysis of their revenues and expenditures. The changes in commodity and prices were done on both traded and non traded goods.Measurement of household income was then done as at before and after the implementation of the trade liberalization. These analyses then yielded the me asures of poverty and welfare.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The results indicated that there was significant effect of liberalization on the poor. The liberalization policy had effects on both traded and non traded goods. The research indicated that there was a negative effect of liberalization that needed to be addressed in order to solve the unemployment problem. There is however no concrete association between poverty level and the unemployment caused by liberalization (Barraud and Calfat 12). Impacts of trade liberalization on agriculture in salvador and Costa Rica According to Gingrich and Garber, the effects of liberalization on the agricultural sector vary from one country to another. In Costa Rica, the liberalization policy was implemented in gradual steps over a decade. The implementation took a broader perspective to include exchange rates, financial po licies and restrictions on quantity oftrade were reviewed. The policy implementation was however rushed in Salvador.Notable differences were observed between the two countries as Costa Rica was identified to be more stable economically and politically. In research conducted by Gingrich and Garber, it was found that the nature of agricultural goods, tradability and intensity in labour, the liberalization policy in trade enhanced exportation of agricultural goods. Liberalization had different effects in the two countries under consideration. While its effect was positive in CostaRica, Salvador experienced a decline in the agricultural trade balance. The method of analysis, week’s interpretation, is however criticized as wrong for including factors that are not related to trade liberalization (Gingrich and Garber 14). Government support to industry in organization for economic co-operation and development Trade liberalization also led to governments’ support to industries . The issue of subsidies is a development whose primary goal was to aid the development of declining industries. In exploring factors that influence government support to businesses through subsidies, Aydin notes that politics is one of the factors that affects the grants of subsidies as politicians seeks to gain influence. The capital capacity of an industry is also a factor as industries with high assets attracts more subsidies due to their ability to adjust to global competition. Other factors affecting the allocation of subsidies include unemployment rate, political atmosphere, and exposure of the economy to the global market among others. Aydin however recommended improvement on future research to include relationship between level of subsidies and other expenditures of various governments (Ayidin13).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Impact of Trade Liberalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Co nclusion The exploration of impacts of trade liberalization is an important tool that helps in the identification of features of trade liberalization that needs to be considered by different governments. The investigations into the negative impacts of the policy are a tool that if considered and measures taken by the governments, then economies can be revived and improved. The various research techniques that have so far been employed to investigate trade liberalization are however not credible enough as they either includes irrelevant factors or fail to explain some. Independent institutions should therefore be established and empowered to effectively look into the subject of trade liberalization. Works Cited Aydin,Umut. Promoting industries in the global economy: subsidies in OECD countries. New York,NY:Rutledge, 2007. Print. Barraud, Ariel Calfat, German.Poverty Effects from Trade Liberalisation in Argentina. New York,NY:Rutledge, 2008. Print. Gingrich, Chris Garber, Jason.Trade liberalization’s impact on Agriculture in low income Countries: a comparison of El Salvador and Costa Rica. USA: Eastern Mennonite University, n.d. Print. This research paper on Impact of Trade Liberalization was written and submitted by user Nightcrawler to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

New developments in digital crimes and the challenges to computer forensics The WritePass Journal

New developments in digital crimes and the challenges to computer forensics Abstract New developments in digital crimes and the challenges to computer forensics ).   Others argue that remote servers have the capacity to increase security in several cases using emerging technology in order to better serve consumers (Reilly, Wren, and Berry 2010). Cloud computing allows users to keep information and data, of all varieties, on remote servers.   Cyber criminals are turning to these areas more and more in their efforts to co-opt personal information in the pursuit of crime (Accorsi and Ruan 2012). Cloud server companies often dispute the claim of vulnerability and cite increased security statistics (Reilly, Wren and Berry 2010). The combined elements of cost reduction and ease of access are driving the industry to expand at a very challenging rate for digital forensics to match. The drive to implement a standard for oversight and enforcement is a significant challenge for digital forensics (Accorsi and Ruan 2012).   Many who argue for the standardization cite the reduction in safety concerns as decreasing overall implementation cost (Reilly, Wren and Berry 2010).  Ã‚   Others demonstrate that a standard system is increasingly vulnerable to risk factors (Accorsi and Ruan 2012).   Each unique server and company will have the responsibility to upgrade their elements in order to aid in the digital forensic requirements of the modern and emerging era (Reilly, Wren, and Berry 2010).   This leads to the recognition of larger issues that must be dealt with in order to achieve progress. Another field of digital forensic challenges rests in the sheer quantity of data that must be analysed in order to justify the expense of resources (Garfinkel 2013).   As the global market for electronics continues to grow and become incorporated into daily life, the number of opportunities for cyber-crime will climb. However, many companies cite the presence of emerging technology has being able to cope with the mass of information (Accorsi and Ruan 2012). The area of machine learning in computers has the potential to alleviate much of the tedious work that digital forensics entails (Ariu, Giacinto and Roli 2011). However, machine learning has been argued to produce security issues that could further complicate the digital forensics task at hand (Garfinkel 2013).   Much of the issues of security have the potential to be resolved with the implementation of a wide ranging standard (Ibid). A published standard is argued to be more vulnerable and predictable than the piece meal appr oach used today (Casey 2004). While a good idea a standard substantially increases the overall risk factors. As opposed to the area of cloud computing the areas of quantity and network forensics stands to become a primary area of concern as companies and individuals employ the technology for gain (Pilli, Joshi and Niyogi 2010).   The development of Network Forensic Analysis Tools, or NFATs, is a challenge that must be met by regulators and oversight entities in order to minimize the fundamental impact of cyber-crime.   Others illustrate that these same tools hold the potential to be turned against a standardized system (Ariu, Giacinto and Roli 2011).   There needs to be a balance between oversight and individual freedoms as regards privacy and security. Conclusion The area of digital forensics is facing many new challenges going into the next generation.   There is a need to balance the rights of the individual with those of the enforcement agencies. Further, the lack of a standard regulation around the world makes any long term enforcement prospect dim.   At the same time, any implementation of a wide ranging standard runs the risk of becoming easy to corrupt, thereby raising even more digital issues. The area of Cloud Computing, due to the low cost to consumer and easy accessibility is a primary concern for the area of digital forensics. With challenges ranging from the acquisition to the processing to the legalities of the use of the data acquired form this market, there is a real sense of urgency in the drive to rein in cyber-crime. Each of these factors makes the market attractive to cyber-crime and a continuous challenge for digital forensics. Further areas of development and increasing challenge rest in the processing of high quantities of data and the accompanying levels of security present on any single network.   In each case of computer forensics in these areas there is a critical need to continuously update or risk the threat of being overrun by the sheer numbers.   There is a need to innovate in order for computer forensics to recover and utilize evidence in the face of an ever increasingly complex digital world. References Accorsi, R. and Ruan, K. 2012. Challenges of Cloud Forensics: A Survey of the Missing Capabilities.  Cybercrime, p. 32. Ariu, D., Giacinto, G. and Roli, F. 2011. Machine learning in computer forensics (and the lessons learned from machine learning in computer security). pp. 99104. Casey, E. 2004.  Digital evidence and computer crime. London: Academic Press. Crime-research.org. 2013.  Computer Crime Research Centre Daily news about computer crime, internet fraud and cyber terrorism. [online] Available at: crime-research.org/ [Accessed: 10 Dec 2013]. F3.org.uk. 2013.  F3 – The First Forensic Forum | Uniting digital forensic practitioners. [online] Available at: https://www.f3.org.uk/ [Accessed: 10 Dec 2013]. Forensics.nl. 2013.  Computer Forensics, Cybercrime and Steganography Resources. [online] Available at: forensics.nl/ [Accessed: 10 Dec 2013]. Garfinkel, S. 2010. Digital forensics research: The next 10 years.  Digital Investigation, 7 pp. 6473. Garfinkel, S. 2013. Digital Forensics Modern crime often leaves an electronic trail. Finding and preserving that evidence requires careful methods as well as technical skill.  AMERICAN SCIENTIST, 101 (5), pp. 370377. Pilli, E., Joshi, R. and Niyogi, R. 2010. Network forensic frameworks: Survey and research challenges.  Digital Investigation, 7 (1), pp. 1427. Reilly, D., Wren, C. and Berry, T. 2010. Cloud computing: Forensic challenges for law enforcement. pp. 17. New developments in digital crimes and the challenges to computer forensics Abstract New developments in digital crimes and the challenges to computer forensics , p52) claims that the cyber criminals continuously create new methods of circumventing forensic and security techniques through different means like quickly embracing new technologies, targeting outdated or emerging technologies before their weaknesses are noticed and corrected. The contemporary cyber criminals have even gone further to devise anti forensic techniques that may at times require the forensic experts to carry out endless investigations into the attacks but still fail to generate enough information for generating meaningful inferences. These criminals have also noticed that the forensic officers often rely so much on windows operating system and have switched to using other operating systems like Mac OS and Linux to make it more difficult for the forensic officers to unearth their activities (Ec-Council2009, p98). The over reliance on Windows by the forensic officers is weakening the power of forensic officers in investigation other non-Windows systems and in the proces s giving the criminals an upper hand in continuing with their unlawful activities.   This is the reason why computer forensics should embrace new better ways of investigation using all types of operating systems to ensure that the criminals are dealt with in the best way possible. Conclusion Computer forensics is a very important field as it plays a critical role in mitigating and investigating criminal activities. However, there are very many different challenges facing the forensic officers in the modern society as highlighted in the paper. This calls for quick adoption of new, better ways of dealing with the cyber criminals to regulate their activities in good time before the whole situation spins out of hand. These new challenges can be addressed by pursuing an active approach to forensics and not allowing the cyber criminals to act first before moving in to generate solutions. The forensic officers should fully liaise with the manufactures of new devices and work together in tackling any use of such gadgets in unlawful activities. Computer forensics is an important field that should be enriched so as to not only mitigate the effects of cybercrime but also punish the criminals heavily to deter the criminals and other similar minded people from committing crimes. Bibliography Ec-Council (2009).Investigating Networking Intrusions and Cybercrime.Course Technology Ptr. Kruse, W. G., Heiser, J. G. (2003).Computer forensics: Incident response essentials. Boston, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. Maras, M.-H. (2012). Computer forensics: Cybercriminals, laws, and evidence. Sudbury, Mass: Jones Bartlett Learning. Mohay, G. M., Anderson, A., Collie, B., Vel, O. ., McKemmish, R. (2003).Computer and intrusion forensics. Boston, Mass: Artech House. Newman, R. C. (2007). Computer forensics: Evidence collection and management. Boca Raton, FL: Auerbach Publications. Phillips, N., Enfinger, S. (2009). Guide to computer forensics and investigations. Clifton Park, N.Y: Delmar. Sheetz, M. (2007).Computer forensics: An essential guide for accountants, lawyers, and managers. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Shinder, D. L. (2002).Scene of the cybercrime: Computer forensics handbook. Rockland: Syngress Media. Solomon, M., Rudolph, K., In Tittel, ., Broom, N., Barrett, D. (2011). Computer forensics jumpstart. Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley Publishing, Inc. Vacca, J. R. (2005). Computer forensics: Computer crime scene investigation. Hingham, Mass: Charles River Media. Volonino, L., Anzaldua, R., Godwin, J. (2007).Computer forensics: Principles and practices. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

On-line gaming is a time waster Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On-line gaming is a time waster - Research Paper Example Online gaming refers to the games that are played over the internet. It has become a popular and successful source of entertainment for people of all ages but it is more popular among the school or college going students. All you need is a computer with an internet connection. It has the ability to link players together from any part of the world. Because of this, almost everybody is into it. Its implausible characteristics make a lot of students become addictive to it. It does not only provide entertainment, but also gives a chance to socialize with anyone, present anywhere in the world. Online gaming has created a huge problem of time wastage in the world. With the growing trends of these games and the introduction of latest graphics and innovations, these games attract more and more people, especially children, towards them. Computer gaming has become an industry. Many big companies are eager to invest in it. This leads to the developing of new versions of the already existing games as well as the development of brand new games. Parents are found complaining about the falling grades of their children as they spend majority of their time in front of a computer, playing games for many hours in a row, eyes fixed on the screens, so involved in their games that they forget about everything else around them. They forget to eat, they forget to take proper sleep, and are least interested about their homework or studies. All they care about is gaining expertise in the game they play so that they could become the next online gaming champion.

International Finance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Finance Management - Essay Example Some of the factors that cause political instability include government interference, violence, and terrorism and guerilla groups. According to Schmidt (1986) he defines political risk as applications by the host country's government that constrains the operation of an investment. He subdivided political risks into three different risks: Investors therefore always consider these factors before investing in a foreign country, a country with a history of persistent political instability will be avoided or if they feel that there is a possibility of occurrence of political instability. An investor will consider the risk of business exposure in a foreign country; the investor may fear that there will be the risk of exposing the operations of a business in a foreign country which will lead to competition from other firms in the host country. When skilled labor is available in a foreign country then the investor will invest in that country. The investor may be forced to train workers in the host country who may expose the operations of the firm leading to competition in that country. In some other countries there will be the availability of cheap labor which will encourage investors to invest in that country, in some countries labor may be very expensive and the investor is not allowed to import laborers, this may be because the government of the host country has sets these conditions. Another factor to be considered before deciding on where to invest is the stability of a currency of a country, if a currency fluctuates against the major currency by a large range then it wouldn't be a good to invest in that country. For a firm to invest in foreign country it has to convert their capital currency into the currency of the host country, incase that countries currency devalues against their own currency then they will loose a lot of money. B. Infrastructure: Good support infrastructure such as good transport network and communication will be an advantage to an investor such that if such support infrastructure exist the higher the possibility that there will be foreign direct investment in a country. Foreign investors also fear that they may invest in foreign countries and loose a lot of money if they decide to close down their operations, an example is where a firm may invest much on infrastructure such as land and buildings and heavy machinery that may be difficult to liquidate once they want to close down their investment in the foreign country. Due to the fact that these assets cannot be moved from one country to another the investor looses. In conclusion we can say that political instability will cause a firm to not to invest in country, the firm will also consider the risk associated with exposure of the operations of the firm in the foreign country, the firm will not invest in country where it is required to hire laborers from the host country and train them for the operations of the firm. Most foreign investors prefer to employ laborers from their own country but this faced with conditions set by host countries

Health Sciences - Pre Diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health Sciences - Pre Diabetes - Essay Example This condition is also known as the borderline, this is in the sense that the individual shows neither the presence of diabetes nor absence of diabetes. In the food substances that we consume, there are elements of glucose. The glucose levels in the blood are checked by another hormone in the blood called insulin. Insulin is responsible for converting the excess sugar (glucose) in the blood to glycogen (Gottlieb, 2004). The same happens when the body experiences low blood sugar level in which the stored glycogen is discharged back into the blood to elevate the sugar level to normalcy. Diabetes or pre-diabetes condition arises when insulin is not produced in the right quantities in the body or when the insulin effectiveness is hampered and does not function fully (Gottlieb, 2004). The pre diabetes condition does not conform to all the conditions and factors that lead to the conclusion that an individual is diabetic or not. With regard to this, those diagnosed with pre-diabetes conditi on are at higher risks of not only developing diabetes type II but also some other related cardiovascular condition (Metcalf & Metcalf, 2008). The condition of pre-diabetes is also referred to as ‘grey area’. In America, this condition has been surveyed among the citizens and the prevalence and incidence noted, to some extent it has been referred to as an epidemic. It affects almost 57 million people in America (Metcalf, & Metcalf, 2008). The development of the pre-diabetes condition is largely attributed to some of the lifestyle, hence, referred to as lifestyle condition. The life style conditions include the kind of diet we consume - if the diet is having too much glucose it translates, then that there will be more sugar being discharged in blood requiring much more efficient way of conversion to glycogen (Metcalf & Metcalf, 2008). Sedentary lifestyle is also a recipe for the development of the condition. Leading a sedentary lifestyle indicates that not much energy is used for respiration, thus, there is accumulation of the glucose in the body and can accelerate the development of the condition. Too much consumption of alcohol also damages the liver making it inefficient in the production of insulin, a substance that is requires for the conversion of the excess glucose in blood to glycogen (Metcalf & Metcalf, 2008). Tests for monitoring pre Diabetes Monitoring of the condition is essential for people who have developed pre-diabetes condition have to attend a regular monitoring test of their blood sugar to ensure that the critical condition is not hit. Monitoring of the blood sugar can be done in several ways: first of all, HbA1c (A1C or glycosylated hemoglobin test), when this test is run, the level of the blood sugar is noted in a snapshot and the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) denotes the level of blood sugar in the body (Gregg, Callaghan & Hayes 2007, 123). Home monitoring is also available and it seems to be the cheapest, t he only problem is how to categorize the extent of blood sugar; whether high or low. The results of the home test are to be discussed with a physician for further insightful recommendations. Benefits of exercise in the prevention of pre-diabetes Involving in the exercise daily is helpful in the burning calories, when the calories are burned, the concentration of glucose in the blood is reduces. The effect of exercise in relation to diabetes type II has been studied and the findings have it that 58% of those who shows pre-diabetes do

Symmetric Encryption Schemes

Symmetric Encryption Schemes 2.1 Symmetric Encryption Schemes: With symmetric-key encryption, the encryption key can be calculated from the decryption key and vice versa. With most symmetric algorithms, the same key is used for both encryption and decryption, as shown in Figure 1.1. Implementations of symmetric-key encryption can be highly efficient, so that users do not experience any significant time delay as a result of the encryption and decryption. Symmetric-key encryption also provides a degree of authentication, since information encrypted with one symmetric key cannot be decrypted with any other symmetric key. Thus, as long as the symmetric key is kept secret by the two parties using it to encrypt communications, each party can be sure that it is communicating with the other as long as the decrypted messages continue to make sense. Encryption functions normally take a fixed-size input to a fixed-size output, so encryption of longer units of data must be done in one of two ways: either a block is encrypted at a time and the blocks are somehow joined together to make the cipher text, or a longer key is generated from a shorter one and XORd against the plaintext to make the cipher text. Schemes of the former type are called block ciphers, and schemes of the latter type are called stream ciphers. 2.1.1 Block ciphers Block ciphers take as input the key and a block, often the same size as the key. Further, the first block is often augmented by a block called the initialization vector, which can add some randomness to the encryption. 2.1.1.1 DES Algorithm: The most widely used encryption scheme is based on Data Encryption Standard (DES). There are two inputs to the encryption function, the plain text to be encrypted and the key. The plain text must be 64 bits in length and key is of 56 bits. First, the 64 bits of plain text passes through an initial permutation that rearranges the bits. This is fallowed by 16 rounds of same function, which involves permutation substitution functions. After 16 rounds of operation, the pre output is swapped at 32 bits position which is passed through final permutation to get 64 bit cipher text. Initially the key is passed through a permutation function. Then for each of the 16 rounds, a sub key is generated by a combination of left circular shift and permutation. At each round of operation, the plain text is divided to two 32 bit halves, and the fallowing operations are executed on 32 bit right halve of plain text. First it is expanded to 48 bits using a expansion table, then X-ORed with key, then processed in substitution tables to generate 32 bit output. This output is permuted using predefined table and XORed with left 32 bit plain text to form right 32 bit pre cipher text of first round. The right 32 bit plain text will form left 32 bit pre cipher text of first round. Decryption uses the same algorithm as encryption, expect that the application of sub keys is reversed. A desirable property of any encryption algorithm is that a small change in either plain text or the key should produce a significant change in the cipher text. This effect is known as Avalanche effect which is very strong in DES algorithm. Since DES is a 56 bit key encryption algorithm, if we proceed by brute force attack, the number of keys that are required to break the algorithm is 2 56 . But by differential crypto analysis, it has been proved that the key can be broken in 2 47 combinations of known plain texts. By linear crypto analysis it has been proved that, it could be broken by 2 41 combinations of plain text. The DES algorithm is a basic building block for providing data security. To apply DES in a variety of applications, four modes of operations have been defined. These four models are intended to cover all possible applications of encryption for which DES could be used. They involve using a initialization vector being used along with key to provided different cipher text blocks. 2.1.1.1.1 Electronic Code Book (ECB) mode: ECB mode divides the plaintext into blocks m1, m2, , mn, and computes the cipher text ci = Ei(mi). This mode is vulnerable to many attacks and is not recommended for use in any protocols. Chief among its defects is its vulnerability to splicing attacks, in which encrypted blocks from one message are replaced with encrypted blocks from another. 2.1.1.1.2 Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode: CBC mode remedies some of the problems of ECB mode by using an initialization vector and chaining the input of one encryption into the next. CBC mode starts with an initialization vector iv and XORs a value with the plaintext that is the input to each encryption. So, c1 = Ek(iv XOR m1) and ci = Ek(ci-1 XOR mi). If a unique iv is used, then no splicing attacks can be performed, since each block depends on all previous blocks along with the initialization vector. The iv is a good example of a nonce that needs to satisfy Uniqueness but not Unpredictability. 2.1.1.1.3 Cipher Feed-Back (CFB) mode: CFB mode moves the XOR of CBC mode to the output of the encryption. In other words, the cipher text c1 = p1 XOR Sj(E(IV)). This mode then suffers from failures of Non-Malleability, at least locally to every block, but changes to ciphertext do not propagate very far, since each block of ciphertext is used independently to XOR against a given block to get the plaintext. These failures can be seen in the following example, in which a message m = m1 m2 mn is divided into n blocks, and encrypted with an iv under CFB mode to c1 c2 cn. Suppose an adversary substitutes c2 for c2. Then, in decryption, m1 = Ek(iv) XOR c1, which is correct, but m2 = Ek(c1) XOR c2, which means that m2 = m2 XOR c2 XOR c2, since m2 = Ek(c1) XOR c2. Thus, in m2, the adversary can flip any bits of its choice. Then m3 = Ek(c2) XOR c3, which should lead to random looking message not under the adversarys control, since the encryption of c2 should look random. But m4 = Ek(c3) XOR c4 and thereafter the decryption is correct. 2.1.1.1.4 Output Feed-Back (OFB) mode OFB mode modifies CFB mode to feed back the output of the encryption function to the encryption function without XOR-ing the cipher text. 2.1.1.2 Triple DES: Given the potential vulnerability of DES to brute force attack, a new mechanism is adopted which uses multiple encryptions with DES and multiple keys. The simplest form of multiple encryptions has two encryption stages and two keys. The limitation with this mechanism is it is susceptible to meet in the middle attack. An obvious counter to meet in the middle attack and reducing the cost of increasing the key length, a triple encryption method is used, which considers only two keys with encryption with the first key, decryption with the second key and fallowed by encryption with the first key. Triple DES is a relatively popular alternative to DES and has been adopted for use in key management standards. 2.1.1.3 Homomorphic DES: A variant of DES called a homophonic DES [7] is considered. The DES algorithm is strengthened by adding some random bits into the plaintext, which are placed in particular positions to maximize diffusion, and to resist differential attack. Differential attack makes use of the exclusive-or homophonic DES. In this new scheme, some random estimated bits are added to the plaintext. This increases the certain plaintext difference with respect to the cipher text. A homophonic DES is a variant of DES that map search plaintext to one of many cipher texts (for a given key). In homophonic DES a desired difference pattern with the cipher text will be suggested with some key values including the correct one, oppositely wrong pairs of cipher text. For a difference pattern which 56-bit plaintext to a 64-bit cipher text using a 56-bit key. In this scheme, eight random bits are placed in specific positions of the 64-bit input data block to maximize diffusion. For example, the random bits in HDESS are the bit- positions 25, 27, 29, 31, 57, 59, 61 and 63. In this algorithm, after the initial permutation and expansion permutation in the first round, these eight random bits will spread to bits 2, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18, 20, 24, 26, 30, 32, 36, 38,42,44,48 of the 48-bit input block to the S-boxes and will affect the output of all the S-boxes. The 48 expanded bits must be exclusive-or’d with some key before proceeding to the S-boxes, thus two input bits into the S-boxes derived from the same random bit may have different values. This says that the random bits do not regularize the input to the S-boxes, that is, the property of confusion does not reduce while we try to maximize diffusion. The decryption of the homophonic DES is similar to the decryption of DES. The only difference is that eight random bits must be removed to get the original plaintext (56 bits). A homophonic DES can easily be transformed into a triple-encryption version by concatenating a DES decryption and a DES encryption after the homophonic DES. Security analysis: Thus there is a probability of 1/256 between a pair of texts. The differential crypto analysis is also difficult on this mechanism. The diffusion of bits is also more in this mode. Thus this mechanism provides some probabilistic features to DES algorithm which makes it stronger from differential and linear crypto analysis. 2.1.1.4 AES: The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) was chosen in 2001. AES is also an iterated block cipher, with 10, 12, or 14 rounds for key sizes 128, 192, and 256 bits, respectively. AES provides high performance symmetric key encryption and decryption. 2.1.1.5 Dynamic substitution: An apparently new cryptographic mechanism [34] which can be described as dynamic substitution is discussed in the fallowing topic. Although structurally similar to simple substitution, dynamic substitution has a second data input which acts to re-arrange the contents of the substitution table. The mechanism combines two data sources into a complex result; under appropriate conditions, a related inverse mechanism can then extract one of the data sources from the result. A dynamic substitution combiner can directly replace the exclusive-OR combiner used in Vernam stream ciphers. The various techniques used in Vernam ciphers can also be applied to dynamic substitution; any cryptographic advantage is thus due to the additional strength of the new combiner. 2.1.1.5.1 The Vernam Cipher: A Vernam cipher maps plaintext data with a pseudo-random sequence to generate cipher text. Since each ciphertext element from a Vernam combiner is the (mod 2) sum of two unknown values, the plaintext data is supposed to be safe. But this mode is susceptive to several cryptanalytic attacks, including known plain text and cipher text attacks. And if the confusion sequence can be penetrated and reproduced, the cipher is broken. Similarly, if the same confusion sequence is ever re-used, and the overlap identified, it becomes simple to break that section of the cipher. 2.1.1.5.2 Cryptographic Combiners: An alternate approach to the design of a secure stream cipher is to seek combining functions which can resist attack; such functions would act to hide the pseudo-random sequence from analysis. The mechanism of this work is a new combining function which extends the weak classical concept of simple substitution into a stronger form suitable for computer cryptography. 2.1.1.5.3 Substitution Ciphers: In simple substitution ciphers each plain text character is replaced with fixed cipher text character. But this mechanism is weak from statistical analysis methods where by considering the rules of the language, the cipher can be broken. This work is concerned with the cryptographic strengthening of the fundamental substitution operation through dynamic changes to a substitution table. The substitution table can be represented as a function of not only input data but also a random sequence. This combination gives a cryptographic combining function; such a function may be used to combine plaintext data with a pseudo-random sequence to generate enciphered data. 2.1.1.5.4 Dynamic Substitution: A simple substitution table supported with combining function gives the idea of dynamic substitution. A substitution table is used to translate each data value into an enciphered value. But after each substitution, the table is re-ordered. At a minimum, it makes sense to exchange the just-used substitution value with some entry in the table selected at random. This generally changes the just-used substitution value to help prevent analysis, and yet retains the existence of an inverse, so that the cipher can be deciphered. 2.1.1.5.5 Black Box Analysis: Dynamic substitution may be considered to be a black box, with two input ports Data In and Random In, and one output port Combiner Out. In the simple version, each data path has similar width; evidently the mechanism inside the box in some way combines the two input streams to produce the output stream. It seems reasonable to analyze the output statistically, for various input streams. 2.1.1.5.6 Polyalphabetic Dynamic Substitution: A means to defend to known-plaintext and chosen-plaintext attacks would be to use multiple different dynamic substitution maps and to select between them using a hidden pseudo-random sequence. Thus the dynamic substitution if free from statistical attacks where each character of plain text is replaced with multiple characters of cipher text which makes the mechanism robust. 2.1.1.5.7 Internal State: Dynamic substitution contains internal data which after initialization is continuously re-ordered as a consequence of both incoming data streams; thus, the internal state is a function of initialization and all subsequent data and confusion values. The changing internal state of dynamic substitution provides necessary security to the data streams. Thus dynamic substitution provides a probabilistic nature to the enciphering mechanism. The limitation with this scheme is, not only different dynamic substitution tables has to be maintained but also the pseudo random sequence which selects between these dynamic substitution tables has to be shared between sender and receiver. 2.1.1.6 Nonces A nonce [29] is a bit string that satisfies Uniqueness, which means that it has not occurred before in a given run of a protocol. Nonces might also satisfy Unpredictability, which effectively requires pseudo-randomness: no adversary can predict the next nonce that will be chosen by any principal. There are several common sources of nonces like counters, time slots and so on. 2.1.1.6.1 Nonce Based Encryption: In this work a different formalization for symmetric encryption is envisaged. The encryption algorithm is made to be a deterministic function, but it is supported with initialization vector (IV). Efficiency of the user is made success of this mode. The IV is a nonce like value, used at most once within a session. Since it is used at most once having any sort of crypto analysis is practically not possible which provides sufficient security. 2.1.1.7 One-Time Pad Encryption One more encryption mechanism for providing security to data is one time pad [13] encryption. The functions are computed as follows: A and B agree on a random number k that is as long as the message they later want to send. Ek(x) = x XOR k Dk(x) = x XOR k Note that since k is chosen at random and not known to an adversary, the output of this scheme is indistinguishable to an adversary from a random number. But it suffers from several limitations. It is susceptible to chosen plain text and chosen cipher text attacks. Again the limitation is here is sharing of one time keys by the participating parties of the encryption scheme. As a new key is always used for encryption, a continuous sharing of key mechanism has to be employed by the participating parties. 2.1.2 Stream ciphers Unlike block ciphers, stream ciphers [14] (such as RC4) produce a pseudo-random sequence of bits that are then combined with the message to give an encryption. Since the combining operation is often XOR, naive implementations of these schemes can be vulnerable to the sort of bit-flipping attacks on Non-Malleability. Two types of stream ciphers exist: synchronous, in which state is kept by the encryption algorithm but is not correlated with the plaintext or cipher text, and self synchronizing, in which some information from the plaintext or cipher text is used to inform the operation of the cipher. Ronald Rivest of RSA developed the RC4 algorithm, which is a shared key stream cipher algorithm requiring a secure exchange of a shared key. The algorithm is used identically for encryption and decryption as the data stream is simply XORed with the generated key sequence. The algorithm is serial as it requires successive exchanges of state entries based on the key sequence. Hence implementations can be very computationally intensive. In the algorithm the key stream is completely independent of the plaintext used. An 8 * 8 S-Box (S0 S255), where each of the entries is a permutation of the numbers 0 to 255, and the permutation is a function of the variable length key. There are two counters i, and j, both initialized to 0 used in the algorithm. 2.1.2.1.1 Algorithm Features: 1.It uses a variable length key from 1 to 256 bytes to initialize a 256-byte state table. The state table is used for subsequent generation of pseudo-random bytes and then to generate a pseudo-random stream which is XORed with the plaintext to give the cipher text. Each element in the state table is swapped at least once. 2. The key is often limited to 40 bits, because of export restrictions but it is sometimes used as a 128 bit key. It has the capability of using keys between 1 and 2048 bits. RC4 is used in many commercial software packages such as Lotus Notes and Oracle Secure. 3. The algorithm works in two phases, key setup and ciphering. During a N-bit key setup (N being your key length), the encryption key is used to generate an encrypting variable using two arrays, state and key, and N-number of mixing operations. These mixing operations consist of swapping bytes, modulo operations, and other formulas. 2.1.2.1.2 Algorithm Strengths: The difficulty of knowing which location in the table is used to select each value in the sequence. A particular RC4 Algorithm key can be used only once and Encryption is about 10 times faster than DES. Algorithm Weakness: One in every 256 keys can be a weak key. These keys are identified by cryptanalysis that is able to find circumstances under which one of more generated bytes are strongly correlated with a few bytes of the key. Thus some symmetric encryption algorithms have been discussed in this chapter. They varies from block ciphers like DES, Triple DES, Homomorphic DES to stream ciphers like RC4. To the symmetric encryption mechanisms concepts like application of Nounce and dynamic substitution are discussed which provides randomness to the encryption mechanism. This probabilistic nature to the encryption mechanism provides sufficient strength to the algorithms against Chosen Cipher text attacks(CCA). The security with all these mechanisms lies with proper sharing of keys among the different participating parties. 2.1.3 Adoptability of some mathematical functions in Cryptography: Sign Function: [26,27] This function when applied on when applied on a matrix of values, converts all the positive values to 1, negative values to -1 zero with 0. The advantage of using this function in cryptography is it cannot be a reversible process ie we cannot get back to the original matrix by applying a reverse process. Modular Arithmetic: One more function that is widely used in cryptography is modular arithmetic of a number with a base value. It will generate the remainder of a number with respect to the base value. This function is widely used in public key cryptography. 2.2 Public-Key Encryption The most commonly used implementations of public-key [13,14] encryption are based on algorithms patented by RSA Data Security. Therefore, this section describes the RSA approach to public-key encryption. Public-key encryption (also called asymmetric encryption) involves a pair of keys a public key and a private key, used for security authentication of data. Each public key is published, and the corresponding private key is kept secret. Data encrypted with one key can be decrypted only with other key. The scheme shown in Figure 1.2 says public key is distributed and encryption being done using this key. In general, to send encrypted data, one encrypt’s the data with the receiver’s public key, and the person receiving the encrypted data decrypts it with his private key. Compared with symmetric-key encryption, public-key encryption requires more computation and is therefore not always appropriate for large amounts of data. However, a combination of symmetric Asymmetric schemes can be used in real time environment. This is the approach used by the SSL protocol. As it happens, the reverse of the scheme shown in Figure 1.2 also works: data encrypted with one’s private key can be decrypted only with his public key. This may not be an interesting way to encrypt important data, however, because it means that anyone with receiver’s public key, which is by definition published, could decipher the data. And also the important requirement with data transfer is authentication of data which is supported with Asymmetric encryption schemes, which is an important requirement for electronic commerce and other commercial applications of cryptography. 2.2.1 Key Length and Encryption Strength: In general, the strength of encryption algorithm depends on difficulty in getting the key, which in turn depends on both the cipher used and the length of the key. For the RSA cipher, the strength depends on the difficulty of factoring large numbers, which is a well-known mathematical problem.Encryption strength is often described in terms of the length of the keys used to perform the encryption, means the more the length of the key, the more the strength. Key length is measured in bits. For example, a RC4 symmetric-key cipher with key length of 128 bits supported by SSL provide significantly better cryptographic protection than 40-bit keys for use with the same cipher. It means 128-bit RC4 encryption is 3 x 1026 times stronger than 40-bit RC4 encryption. Different encryption algorithms require variable key lengths to achieve the same level of encryption strength. Other ciphers, such as those used for symmetric key encryption, can use all possible values for a key of a given length, rather than a subset of those values. Thus a 128-bit key for use with a symmetric-key encryption cipher would provide stronger encryption than a 128-bit key for use with the RSA public-key encryption cipher. This says that a symmetric encryption algorithm with a key length of 56 bits achieve a equal security to Asymmetric encryption algorithm with a key length of 512 bits, 2.2.2 RSA Key Generation Algorithm Two large prime numbers are considered. Let them be p,q. Calculate n = pq and (φ) phi = (p-1)(q-1). Select e, such that 1 Calculate d, such that ed ≠¡ 1 (mod phi). One key is (n, e) and the other key is (n, d). The values of p, q, and phi should also be kept secret. n is known as the modulus. e is known as the public key. d is known as the secret key. Encryption Sender A does the following:- Get the recipient Bs public key (n, e). Identify the plaintext message as a positive integer m. Calculate the ciphertext c = m^e mod n. Transmits the ciphertext c to receiver B. Decryption Recipient B does the following:- Consider his own private key (n, d) to compute the plain text m = c^d mod n. Convert the integer to plain text form. 2.2.3 Digital signing Sender A does the following:- This concept can also be used in digital signing as well. The message to be transmitted is converted to some message digest form. This message digest is converted to encryption form using his private key. This encrypted message digest is transmitted to receiver. Signature verification Recipient B does the following:- Using the sender’s public key, the received message digest is decrypted. From the received message, the receiver independently computes the message digest of the information that has been signed. If both message digests are identical, the signature is valid. Compared with symmetric-key encryption, public-key encryption provides authentication security to the data transmitted but requires more computation and is therefore not always appropriate for large amounts of data. 2.3. Probabilistic encryption schemes In public key encryption there is always a possibility of some information being leaked out. Because a crypto analyst can always encrypt random messages with a public key, he can get some information. Not a whole of information is to be gained here, but there are potential problems with allowing a crypto analyst to encrypt random messages with public key. Some information is leaked out every time to the crypto analyst, he encrypts a message. With probabilistic encryption algorithms [6,11], a crypto analyst can no longer encrypt random plain texts looking for correct cipher text. Since multiple cipher texts will be developed for one plain text, even if he decrypts the message to plain text, he does not know how far he had guessed the message correctly. To illustrate, assume a crypto analyst has a certain cipher text ci. Even if he guesses message correctly, when he encrypts message the result will be completely different cj. He cannot compare ci and cj and so cannot know that he has guessed the message correctly. Under this scheme, different cipher texts will be formed for one plain text. Also the cipher text will always be larger than plain text. This develops the concept of multiple cipher texts for one plain text. This concept makes crypto analysis difficult to apply on plain text and cipher text pairs. An encryption scheme consists of three algorithms: The encryption algorithm transforms plaintexts into cipher texts while the decryption algorithm converts cipher texts back into plaintexts. A third algorithm, called the key generator, creates pairs of keys: an encryption key, input to the encryption algorithm, and a related decryption key needed to decrypt. The encryption key relates encryptions to the decryption key. The key generator is considered to be a probabilistic algorithm, which prevents an adversary from simply running the key generator to get the decryption key for an intercepted message. The following concept is crucial to probabilistic cryptography: 2.3.1 Definition [Probabilistic Algorithm]: A probabilistic algorithm [11] is an algorithm with an additional command RANDOM that returns â€Å"0† or â€Å"1†, each with probability 1/2. In the literature, these random choices are often referred to as coin flips. 2.3.1.1 Chosen Cipher Text Attack: In the simplest attack model, known as Chosen Plaintext Attack (CPA) [5], the adversary has access to a machine that will perform arbitrary encryptions but will not reveal the shared key. This machine corresponds intuitively to being able to see many encryptions of many messages before trying to decrypt a new message. In this case, Semantic Security requires that it be computationally hard for any adversary to distinguish an encryption Ek(m) from Ek(m) for two arbitrarily chosen messages m and m. Distinguishing these encryptions should be hard even if the adversary can request encryptions of arbitrary messages. Note that this property cannot be satisfied if the encryption function is deterministic! In this case, the adversary can simply request an encryption of m and an encryption of m and compare them. This is a point that one should all remember when implementing systems: encrypting under a deterministic function with no randomness in the input does not provide Semantic Security. O ne more crypto analytical model is Chosen Cipher text Attack (CCA) Model. Under the CCA model, an adversary has access to an encryption and a decryption machine and must perform the same task of distinguishing encryptions of two messages of its choice. First, the adversary is allowed to interact with the encryption and decryption services and choose the pair of messages. After it has chosen the messages, however, it only has access to an encryption machine. An advancement to CCA Model is Chosen Cipher text Attack 2 (CCA2). CCA2 security has the same model as CCA security, except that the adversary retains access to the decryption machine after choosing the two messages. To keep this property from being trivially violated, we require that the adversary not be able to decrypt the cipher text it is given to analyze. To make these concepts of CCA CCA2 adoptable in real time environment, recently Canetti, Krawczyk and Nielsen defined the notion of replayable adaptive chosen ciphertext attack [5] secure encryption. Essentially a cryptosystem that is RCCA secure has full CCA2 security except for the little detail that it may be possible to modify a ciphertext into another ciphertext containing the s

Could Have Been Different :: essays research papers

Could Have Been Different   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I had a situation once when I wished that I could have re run it. If only I had thought about what was happening and the power that I actually had, I would have had an entirely different situation at hand. I could have prevented the whole thing a lot sooner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The whole thing started when I was working at an auto shop called Car Quest. My friend Tammy had just gotten me the job starting as a cashier. Even in the few days that I worked there, I loved my job and everyone I worked with. . I really liked my boss because he was always so cool to me, letting me do my homework with my free time when no customers were around and letting me just mess around with the guys I worked with. Soon, I was beginning to close the store alone with my boss, a lot. He would make weird comments and things but I never really questioned them. I thought that maybe he was just kidding around as everyone there always did.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One night when I was finished closing my drawer with my boss Lonnie, we were heading to the front of the store when he told me he had something to say but it could wait until the next time I worked with him. I insisted that he tell me then. He pulled me to the side and started telling me how beautiful I was and what a great personality I had. I didn’t know what to say so I just said â€Å"thanks†. Ever since then he started to ask if I would kiss him and all these offensive things. I guess I just never knew what to say to him. I mean I was 16 and he was like 50. That was like him being my dad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I went through this for a long time before I got the nerve to tell my other boss at work Kathy. I guess she wasn’t really my other boss; she was just the only other woman I worked with that could help me out. I told her the entire situation and that I was getting sick of Lonnie’s comments. Once I had told her this she told me that Lonnie was married and had two sons. I thought that was worse. I was beginning to get scared that something more would happen.

Harmful Threats to the Human Body

Harmful Threats to the Human Body There are a lot of bacteria that are good for human bodies, but there are also a lot of bacteria that’s very harmful to the human body. Bad bacteria can affect people from swimming in lakes and ponds. â€Å"Many of the world's best-known disease outbreaks have been transmitted by water-borne bacterium. † Lakes and ponds are just un-treated drinking water. They have a lot of microorganisms in it that you cannot see. There are many ways to be contaminated by bacteria; you can swallow it, breathe it in, or they can get in an open wound.Being contaminated can cause skin infections, ear infections, eye infections, diarrhea, and respiratory infections. Langerhans cells and macrophages defend against microbes. Anyone can be infected by bacteria and there doesn’t have to be a lot of it in order to be infected. Vibrio cholera is a bacterium that causes cholera outbreaks around the world. Cholera isn’t common in the U. S. anymore bu t you should be careful when visiting out of state. Another bacterium found around the world is E. coli O157:H7. It produces a bloody diarrhea.It’s also a part of food contamination. It doesn’t take many organisms to get infected by this. Children and elderly are at high risk of severe illnesses. E. coli O157:H7 is even found in swimming pools. Leptospirosis is commonly transmitted by water contaminated by animal urine or soil that comes in contact with open wounds. It can either be barely noticeable or it can cause severe muscle pain. There are many different kinds of bacteria that can have a bad effect on the human body, especially in lake waters.A lot of people think that there is no way for your body to overheat, because of sweat. They think that sweating cools your body down so that it is impossible to overheat. That is wrong. If you get too hot too fast, your body cannot work fast enough to cool down. And if your body doesn’t eventually get cooler you can have a heat stroke or die. Lipid secretions also prevent dehydration. Symptoms of overheating are hard to breath, heart beats faster, you get dizzy, throwing up, and extreme dehydration.To keep from overheating you should drink lots of water and try to relax. When getting a sunburn your killing skin cells. After getting sunburn your skin tends to become red, sensitive to touch, and even warm. The outer layer of skin on your body is called the epidermis. Epidermis cells are the ones you can touch and see, they are also dead cells. The cells underneath that are living. They produce new dead cells to replenish your skin. The sun gives off ultraviolet light. Ultraviolet light is what kills the living cells.Nerve endings and receptors function to cause covering skin to prevent further sunburn. Sebum is lubrication of skin and hair. When your body senses dead cells your immune system starts working to heal your body. It increases blood flow in the affected areas, opening up capillary wall s so that white blood cells can come in and remove the damaged cells. The increased blood flow makes your skin warm and red. The nerve endings for pain begin sending signals to your brain. Damaged cells release chemicals that activate pain receptors. This is why sunburned skin is so sensitive.There are ways to prevent sunburn without having to stay inside. Use a sunscreen, which blocks ultraviolet light, or pace yourself so you get a tan first. When you get a tan, your body essentially creates its own sunscreen using special pigment cells in the epidermis. Deep cuts can become infected easily if it is not taken care of properly. Signs of infection are; redness or discoloration, swelling, warmth, pain, tenderness, scaling, itching, and pulse drainage. The skin may harden or tighten in the area and red streaks may radiate from the wound.Wound infections may also cause fevers, especially when they spread to the blood. While in the water and you happen to cut your foot; immediately lift up your foot to prevent a deeper cut. â€Å"Eccrine glands open by a duct directly onto the skin surface. When internal temperature rises, the eccrine glands secrete water to the skin surface, where heat is removed by evaporation. † There are many types of protective swim wear you can purchase to prevent organisms and chemicals from getting to your skin.

Ed Mezvinsky, Father of the Groom - Urban Legends

Ed Mezvinsky, Father of the Groom - Urban Legends A forwarded email attributed to Cincinnati news reporter John Popovich claims that Marc Mezvinsky, Chelsea Clintons new husband, is the son of Edward Mezvinsky, a former Iowa Congressman who was convicted and sent to prison in the early 2000s for fraud. The forwarded email is correct. Description: Viral textCirculating since: August 2010Status: True (details below) Example Email contributed by James H., August 19, 2010: Subject: Birds of a featherFATHER OF THE GROOMBy: John PopovichBefore I came to Cincinnati, I was a news reporter at WOC in Davenport Iowa. I covered a lot of city council and a lot of political stuff. One of the guys I covered was Ed Mezvinsky, who was the Congressman from Iowas first district.Seemed like a pretty nice guy, but when he ditched his wife for a New York reporter, the Iowa voters ditched him.My most vivid memory is that he sat on the House Judiciary Committee that was deciding the fate of President Nixon.Anyway, years later, Fast Eddie got caught with his hand in the till. He cheated investors out of more than $10 million dollars. He went to prison for several years.This weekend, his son married Chelsea Clinton. Analysis True. On July 31, 2010, Chelsea Clinton, the daughter of former president and first lady Bill and Hillary Clinton, was married to Marc Mezvinsky, the son of a former Democratic Congressman, in a Rhinebeck, New York ceremony the press described as lavish. The father of the groom, Edward Ed Mezvinsky, who served four years in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1973 to 1977, indeed went on to serve five years in a federal penitentiary after being convicted of fraud in 2002. According to prosecutors, Mezvinsky crimes included repeatedly defrauding others by misusing attorney escrow accounts held in his name, engaging in schemes involving worthless checks deposited at banks, creating forged bank statements, using false financial statements, tax returns and accountants letters, and giving false testimony under oath. U.S. District Judge Stewart Dalzell ordered him to pay nearly $10 million in restitution to the victims of his scams. The former Congressman was contrite in an interview with the New York Post that took place in July 2010 just before the Clinton-Mezvinsky wedding. Im remorseful for what happened, he said. It was a terrible time, and I was punished for that. And I respect that and accept responsibility for what happened, and now Im trying to move on and am grateful I have the opportunity for that. For purposes of verification, I attempted to contact former Cincinnati newsman John Popovich, to whom the above text is attributed. I received no reply. Update: Chelsea Clinton and Marc Mezvinsky became parents with the birth of their first child, Charlotte Clinton Mezvinsky, on September 26, 2014. Sources and Further Reading Chelsea Clinton Marries Marc MezvinskyPeople, 31 July 2010 Chelsea Clintons Father in Law Lives Down Criminal PastNew York Post, 29 July  2010 Will Father of the Groom Be Welcome Figure at Chelsea Clintons Wedding?ABC News, 1 December 2009 Former Congressman Duped by Nigerian ScamsABC News, 8 December 2006 Mezvinsky Gets 6 Years for FraudPhiladelphia Inquirer, 10 January 2003 Last updated 06/22/15

Free Essays on Modern Belief

Modern Thinking vs. The Holy Word The Modern belief is that today’s churches are mostly women and that a women preacher would better suite them. As we all know teachers are more effective if they have a similar background to the one’s they teach. Modern belief accepts the fact that there are women preachers and embraces the movement of women in the church. But as I research for myself whether or not the bible allows women preachers, the answer is as clear as daylight. It is clear to me that these women preachers foundation is strongly rooted in the Modern belief and not the word of God. I feel that if one chooses to follow the word of god than one must not pick and choose what part of that word they will follow. This debate is not whether or not what the bible says is true; it’s about whether or not the bible says it. In 1st Timothy Chapter 2 Verse 12 it states (as read in the International Version) â€Å"I do not permit a women to teach or to have authority over a man, she must be silent.† In 1st Corinthians Chapter 14 Verse 34 it states â€Å"Women should remain silent in the churches. They are not allowed to speak, but must be in submission, as the Law say.† Later in verse 35 of the same chapter, it states, â€Å" it is disgraceful for a woman to speak in church.† In 1st Timothy Chapter 3 Verse 2 it states that an overseer (the equivalent to a pastor) â€Å" Must be above reproach, the Husband of but one wife, temperate, self-controlled, respectable, hospitable, able to teach†. A man by the name of Rob Harrison writes that some of the greatest people in the bible were women (i.e.: Mary, Dorcus, Lydia, Phoebe, Eudia) but one of the things that made these women great was that they recognized the place that god had for them, and the honor that was bestowed upon them in their submission. It is not a question of men trying to hold back women for fear of competition. It’s about what God has set in order. He later writes, â€Å"People ... Free Essays on Modern Belief Free Essays on Modern Belief Modern Thinking vs. The Holy Word The Modern belief is that today’s churches are mostly women and that a women preacher would better suite them. As we all know teachers are more effective if they have a similar background to the one’s they teach. Modern belief accepts the fact that there are women preachers and embraces the movement of women in the church. But as I research for myself whether or not the bible allows women preachers, the answer is as clear as daylight. It is clear to me that these women preachers foundation is strongly rooted in the Modern belief and not the word of God. I feel that if one chooses to follow the word of god than one must not pick and choose what part of that word they will follow. This debate is not whether or not what the bible says is true; it’s about whether or not the bible says it. In 1st Timothy Chapter 2 Verse 12 it states (as read in the International Version) â€Å"I do not permit a women to teach or to have authority over a man, she must be silent.† In 1st Corinthians Chapter 14 Verse 34 it states â€Å"Women should remain silent in the churches. They are not allowed to speak, but must be in submission, as the Law say.† Later in verse 35 of the same chapter, it states, â€Å" it is disgraceful for a woman to speak in church.† In 1st Timothy Chapter 3 Verse 2 it states that an overseer (the equivalent to a pastor) â€Å" Must be above reproach, the Husband of but one wife, temperate, self-controlled, respectable, hospitable, able to teach†. A man by the name of Rob Harrison writes that some of the greatest people in the bible were women (i.e.: Mary, Dorcus, Lydia, Phoebe, Eudia) but one of the things that made these women great was that they recognized the place that god had for them, and the honor that was bestowed upon them in their submission. It is not a question of men trying to hold back women for fear of competition. It’s about what God has set in order. He later writes, â€Å"People ...

Democracy in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Democracy in America - Essay Example After the 9/11 attack, a threat of terrorism has spread over the nation of United States. After 9/11 president bush made drastic decision of starting a highly controversial war against terrorism of which half the American population is doubtful. According to a survey Kenneth Janda, Jeffrey M. Berry, Jerry Goldman (2008) 54% of the American population did not supported the war on Iraq and American government is facing a challenge of lack of confidence by the citizens. A survey showed that American citizen’s trust has fallen from the government in recent years. Now it is up to the newly elected president Barrack Obama to regain the trust of citizens of America as well as take the war against terrorism in the right direction. However, the civic values that enables the citizens of America to express their views so openly and to be able to criticize their government on what they feel is wrong is a great source of satisfaction for them. It is the power of democracy that such surveys are held so openly and problems are discussed freely that makes us appreciate our constitution. This power is a great asset for American citizens and it rules over all the conflicting issues. American constitution is supreme law of United States, it has been amended 27 times and the first ten amendments are called ‘bills of rights. Out of these 27 amendments, the first amendment is most powerful and influential Angela Roddey Holder (1997). It gives the right of freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of assembly and freedom of petition. This is also the backbone of American constitution as well as most liked amendment as it provides the freedom and security to people to raise their voice and make their problems heard. However, excess of something is also not good as sometimes too much freedom can also create problems just like the second amendment that allows the citizens to carry firearms. This is a major threat as the weapons

Martin Luther King Jr. and the Philosophy of Civil Disobedience in Research Paper

Martin Luther King Jr. and the Philosophy of Civil Disobedience in Todays World - Research Paper Example Until his assassination in 1968, Dr. King championed civil rights movements and was dedicated to the course of justice and freedom through nonviolent means. There are many ways in which the oppressed deal with their oppression. According Martin Luther king Jr., there are three basic ways through which the oppressed deal with their oppression. These include acquiescence, physical aggression and hatred and nonviolent opposition (Warner and Hilliard 311). When the oppressed resort to use acquiescence, they basically become submissive and acclimatize to oppression, thus becoming accustomed to the oppression (Warner and Hilliard 311). Not all people are willing to break free from oppression. Some individuals usually prefer to stay under oppression. Such people become used to oppressive situations in a way that they give preference to maintaining their slavery status quo than subject themselves to uncertain freedom. People who chose acquiescence as a means of dealing with their oppression are usually engulfed in their suppression that they simply fail to think beyond their current predicament. In such a situation, the oppressed adopts the system of the oppressor and is as wicked as his master. One current example is the case of Syria where Bashar-al-Assad’s administration is tactically scheming to erode the influence of opposition parties and making multitude of Syrians to absolutely depend on the government support and continue living under oppression by the Syrian government. Just like Martin Luther King Jr. acknowledged, no oppressor will ever grow a rational emotion and award his slaves their much desired freedom. As such, this approach is quite immoral and futile way of dealing with oppression. Physical aggression and sheer hatred is the second way through which the oppressed may prefer in dealing with their oppression (Warner and Hilliard 312). Like Martin Luther King Jr. argues, the oppressor is never in a position to grant freedom voluntarily and the o ppressed must demand for it. Violent confrontation of oppressive regime has been used by many nations to win their freedom. For example, in 2011, the rebels in Libya resorted to capture and assassinate Muammar Gaddafi over claims of long time oppression of the Libyan people. Great masses rejoiced from his death because they perceived the execution of Gaddafi as the onset of their freedom. However, violence is not the best way of attaining freedom. It never brings eternal peace, offers no solution to social problems, but only pile many more challenges to the society. Lastly, the oppressed can resort to nonviolent approach to end their repression and achieve their desired freedom (Corlett 32). This approach reconciles acquiescence and physical aggression approaches to obtaining freedom. Nonviolent opposition seeks to find a balance point between the oppressor and the oppressed by eliminating the vices that characterize the current situation and creating friendship between the two (Lon g 104). It consciously seeks to foster equality among all people. For example, in Lebanon, approximately one-quarter of the country’s population convened in Beirut in 2005 to protest the killing of a famous politician and demanded the termination of the oppressive government led by Syria together with withdrawal of Syrian military. This is the best approach because it tackles the challenges of the oppressed and seeks to make things better for them unlike acquiescence and

Personal Protective Equipment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal Protective Equipment - Case Study Example Employers are required by the law, The Occupational Safety and Health Law, to give Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to staffs, and ensure effective usage. PPE is worn to reduce or eliminate hazards at the workplace. The PPE category discussed in this paper is the face and eye protection. The new supplier of the PPE is either incompetent or was given wrong information regarding the features of eye safety equipment that the company needs (Davies, 2012). The company is likely to experience poor employee productivity and increased legal suits if adequate eye protection is not provided. The eye problem is caused by the inappropriate shade #3 lenses given to employees when cutting the 1.250" thick carbon steel. The most appropriate eye protection is shade #5, which is the most appropriate for cutting steel between 1 and 6 inches. The intense light emitted from welding operations results in serious eye damage if the employees do not have appropriate eye protection. The high intensity of radiant energy emitted from welding and cutting activities varies in terms of arc current and electrode size, and hence requires adequate eye protection equipment (Davies, 2012). In addition to the lenses, the employees should also appropriately wear related safety equipment that minimizes eye hazards; for instance, glasses that have side shields, to prevent slag chips and grinding fragment from contacting the face or eyes of the employees.